⚠️ Risk Management
Learn comprehensive approaches to financial risk assessment. Master risk measurement and management techniques.
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Articles
Breakeven Analysis
November 10, 2021 · Lesson
Impact of Financial Leverage on Net Income and ROE
November 10, 2021 · Lesson
Leverage, Business Risk, and Financial Risk
November 10, 2021 · Lesson
How Insurance Companies Calculate Risk
November 19, 2019 · Lesson
Credit Risk Modelling - Case Studies
November 12, 2019 · Lesson
Role of Data Science in Risk Management
October 29, 2019
Hedge Funds, Leverage, and the Lessons of Long-Term Capital Management - Report
September 29, 2016
The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable - Book Review
September 27, 2016
Biases in Sampling
July 4, 2014 · Lesson
Confidence Interval for a Population Mean, when the Distribution is Non-normal
July 4, 2014 · Lesson
Confidence Interval for a Population mean, with an Unknown Population Variance
July 4, 2014 · Lesson
How to Read Student’s t Table
July 4, 2014 · Lesson
Student’s t Distribution
July 4, 2014 · Lesson
Confidence Interval Estimates
June 15, 2014 · Lesson
Confidence Interval for a Population mean, with a known Population Variance
June 15, 2014 · Lesson
Point Estimates
June 15, 2014 · Lesson
Parameter Estimation
June 12, 2014 · Lesson
Standard Error of the Sample Mean
June 12, 2014 · Lesson
Central Limit Theorem
June 11, 2014 · Lesson
Sampling Error
June 11, 2014 · Lesson
Simple Random Sampling and Sampling Distribution
June 11, 2014 · Lesson
Stratified Random Sampling
June 11, 2014 · Lesson
Time Series and Cross Sectional Data
June 11, 2014 · Lesson
How to Calculate Degree of Operating Leverage
October 16, 2013 · Lesson
Degree of Financial Leverage
October 16, 2013 · Lesson
Degree of Total Leverage
October 16, 2013 · Lesson
Role of Risk Management
July 9, 2013
How Companies Choose Their Risk Profile
April 18, 2013
Operational Risk Losses in Practice
April 18, 2013
Event Risk and Sovereign Risk in Bonds
April 5, 2013 · Lesson
Exchange Rate Risk in Bonds
April 4, 2013 · Lesson
Inflation Risk in Bonds
April 4, 2013 · Lesson
Volatility Risk in Bonds with Embedded Options
April 4, 2013 · Lesson
Credit Risk in Bonds
April 3, 2013 · Lesson
Liquidity Risk in Bonds
April 3, 2013 · Lesson
Reinvestment Risk in Bonds
April 3, 2013 · Lesson
Bond Duration and Convexity Simplified – Part 2 of 2
March 22, 2013 · Lesson
Call and Prepayment Risk
March 22, 2013 · Lesson
Yield Curve Risk
March 22, 2013 · Lesson
Bond Duration and Convexity Simplified – Part 1 of 2
March 21, 2013 · Lesson
Impact of Yield Level on Bond’s Price Sensitivity
March 21, 2013 · Lesson
Interest Rate Risk of Floating-rate Bonds
March 21, 2013 · Lesson
Price of a Callable Bond
March 21, 2013 · Lesson
Bond Features Affecting Interest Rate Risk
March 20, 2013 · Lesson
Understanding Inverse Price/Yield Relationship in Bonds
March 20, 2013 · Lesson
Independent and Identically Distributed Variables
March 19, 2013 · Lesson
Key Risks Associated with Investing in Bonds
March 19, 2013 · Lesson
Linear Combinations of Random Variables
March 19, 2013 · Lesson
Paramteric vs Non-Parametric Distributions
March 14, 2013 · Lesson
Properties of Bernoulli Distribution
March 14, 2013 · Lesson
Properties of Log-Normal Distribution
March 14, 2013 · Lesson
Properties of Normal Distribution
March 14, 2013 · Lesson
Properties of Uniform Distribution
March 13, 2013 · Lesson
Case Study: Equity Derivative Losses at UBS
March 11, 2013 · Lesson
Perspectives on Liquidity Stress Testing (Iceland Example)
March 8, 2013
Risk Management for Hedge Funds
March 7, 2013
Stress Testing Banks
March 7, 2013
Bankers Trust Case Study
March 6, 2013 · Lesson
Principles for the Sound Management of Operational Risk
March 6, 2013
Enterprise Risk Management: Theory and Practice
March 5, 2013
Key Issues in Operational Risk Capital Modeling
March 5, 2013
Measuring Operational Risk from Loss Data
March 5, 2013
Risk Measurement for the Trading Book
March 5, 2013
Reverse Stress Testing
February 1, 2013
Video Lecture for GARCH
January 27, 2013
Calculate Historical Volatility Using EWMA
January 22, 2013 · Lesson
Effective Risk Data Aggregation and Risk Reporting
January 13, 2013
Credit Lending and Risk Management
December 26, 2012
Knowledge and Skills Needed for Effective Risk Management
December 24, 2012
Concentrated Positions and Market Risk
December 11, 2012 · Lesson
Market Liquidity Risk Limits
December 11, 2012 · Lesson
How to Calculate Portfolio Risk and Return
November 26, 2012 · Lesson
Basel III Counterparty Credit Risk - Frequently Asked Questions
November 21, 2012
Selecting Optimal Portfolio for an Investor
November 21, 2012 · Lesson
Capital Allocation Line with Two Assets
November 16, 2012 · Lesson
Risk Aversion of Investors and Portfolio Selection
November 16, 2012 · Lesson
Utility Indifference Curves for Risk-averse Investors
November 16, 2012 · Lesson
Risk Management: Common Issues and Lessons Learned
November 12, 2012
Effect of Correlation on Diversification
October 29, 2012 · Lesson
Efficient Frontier for a Portfolio of Two Assets
October 28, 2012 · Lesson
Standard Deviation and Variance of a Portfolio
October 24, 2012 · Lesson
Calculate Variance and Standard Deviation of an Asset
October 22, 2012 · Lesson
Rogue Trading - Risk Controls and Culture
October 22, 2012
How to Calculate Leveraged Returns
October 21, 2012 · Lesson
Nominal Returns and Real Returns in Investments
October 21, 2012 · Lesson
Arithmetic Returns Vs. Geometric Returns
October 19, 2012 · Lesson
Gross and Net Returns Calculations
October 19, 2012 · Lesson
How to Calculate Annualized Returns
October 19, 2012 · Lesson
How to Calculate Money-weighted Returns
October 19, 2012 · Lesson
How to Calculate Portfolio Returns
October 19, 2012 · Lesson
Portfolio Risk and Return - Part 2A - Video
October 16, 2012 · Lesson
Portfolio Risk and Return - Part 2B - Video
October 16, 2012 · Lesson
Portfolio Risk & Return - Part 1A - Video
October 11, 2012 · Lesson
Portfolio Risk & Return - Part 1B - Video
October 11, 2012 · Lesson
How to Calculate the Holding Period Returns
October 8, 2012 · Lesson
Major Types of Return Measures
October 7, 2012 · Lesson
Market Risk Management in Fund Management
October 5, 2012
Mitigation of Market Risk in Fund Management
October 5, 2012
What does the Market Risk Department Do?
September 27, 2012
Credit Exposure Profiles of Bonds and Loans
September 26, 2012
Bankgesellschaft Berlin Case Study – Credit Risk and Operational Risk
September 25, 2012 · Lesson
Types of Operational Risk
September 24, 2012
Impact of Volatility Clustering on Value at Risk
September 23, 2012
Models of Volatility Clustering: EWMA and GARCH(1,1)
September 23, 2012
Economic Capital Calculation: Approaches
September 21, 2012
Problems with the VaR Models
September 21, 2012
Unbundling and Dynamically Hedging Risks
September 21, 2012 · Lesson
VaR Calculation: The Assumptions of Standard Distribution
September 21, 2012
Northern Rock: A Case in Low Frequency High Impact Event
September 20, 2012 · Lesson
VaR Mapping for Options Positions
September 20, 2012 · Lesson
Backtesting Value at Risk (VaR)
September 18, 2012
Mapping Complex Financial Positions
September 18, 2012 · Lesson
Mapping Futures/Forward Positions to Risk Factors
September 18, 2012 · Lesson
Case Study: Taisei Marine and Fire Insurance
September 17, 2012 · Lesson
China Aviation Oil - Derivative Losses
September 14, 2012 · Lesson
Market Liquidity Risk of Trading Activities
September 12, 2012 · Lesson
WorldCom Accounting Scandal: The Wrong Call (Part 1)
September 12, 2012 · Lesson
WorldCom Accounting Scandal: The Wrong Call (Part 2)
September 12, 2012 · Lesson
Mapping Zero-coupon Bonds to Risk Factors
September 10, 2012 · Lesson
Orange County Case
September 9, 2012 · Lesson
Determination of Presettlement Risk in Different Instruments
September 4, 2012 · Lesson
Measuring Potential Future Exposure
September 4, 2012 · Lesson
Mapping Equity Positions
September 3, 2012 · Lesson
Credit Risk and Counterparty Credit Risk
September 2, 2012 · Lesson
Credit Risk Measurement and Management in Trading
September 2, 2012 · Lesson
Market Risk Limits
August 31, 2012 · Lesson
Basic Measures of Market Risk
August 24, 2012 · Lesson
Definition of Operational Risk
August 24, 2012
Risks Inherent in Trading Activities
August 24, 2012 · Lesson
Bootstrapping Value at Risk (VaR)
August 21, 2012
Credit Officer: Long Term Tasks
August 21, 2012 · Lesson
Extreme Value Theory
August 21, 2012 · Lesson
Arithmetic Vs. Geometric Stock Returns
August 20, 2012 · Lesson
Credit Protection: Risk or Return, What Matters More?
August 20, 2012 · Lesson
Hot Jobs: Five Careers in Quantitative Analysis
August 20, 2012
How to Scale Autocorrelated Returns?
August 20, 2012 · Lesson
Managing Risks Associated with Settlement of Foreign Exchange Transactions
August 20, 2012
Credit Risk Documentation (Specific to Credit Derivatives)
August 19, 2012 · Lesson
Provision for Loan Loss
August 19, 2012 · Lesson
What is the Square Root Rule?
August 19, 2012 · Lesson
What is Volatility?
August 19, 2012 · Lesson
Why Use Lognormal Returns in Finance (Stock Prices)?
August 19, 2012 · Lesson
How to Forecast Volatility Using GARCH (1,1)
August 17, 2012 · Lesson
Mapping Spot FX Positions
August 17, 2012 · Lesson
Stress and Scenario Analysis
August 17, 2012 · Lesson
Using GARCH (1,1) Approach to Estimate Volatility
August 17, 2012 · Lesson
Using Excel's Goal Seek Function to Estimate Implied Volatility
August 16, 2012 · Lesson
VaR: Mapping Positions to Risk Factors
August 16, 2012 · Lesson
Volatility: Exponentially Weighted Moving Average (EWMA)
August 16, 2012 · Lesson
Volatility: Moving Average Approaches
August 16, 2012 · Lesson
Approaches to Estimating Volatility
August 15, 2012 · Lesson
How to Calculate Historical Volatility
August 15, 2012 · Lesson
Challenges in Managing Credit Exposure
August 14, 2012 · Lesson
Credit Limits and Provisions
August 14, 2012 · Lesson
Diversified Bond Value at Risk (VaR)
August 14, 2012 · Lesson
Key Elements of a Credit Risk Report
August 14, 2012 · Lesson
Undiversified Bond Value at Risk (VaR)
August 14, 2012 · Lesson
Bond Returns Value at Risk (VaR) as Bond Risk
August 13, 2012 · Lesson
Mapping a European Stock Option
August 13, 2012 · Lesson
VaR of Forward Foreign Currency Contract
August 13, 2012 · Lesson
Mapping a Fixed Income Portfolio to Risk Factors
August 10, 2012 · Lesson
Review of Strategic Credit Positions by Credit Risk Manager
August 10, 2012 · Lesson
The Responsibilities of the Credit Risk Officer
August 9, 2012 · Lesson
Effective Risk Data Aggregation and Risk Reporting
July 5, 2012
How Icelandic Banks Funded their Risky Business Models
April 27, 2012 · Lesson
Icelandic Banks: Asset Composition and Quality of Banks’ Balance Sheets
April 27, 2012 · Lesson
How Icelandic Banks Underplayed their True Riskiness?
April 26, 2012 · Lesson
Early Warning Indicators in Icelandic Financial Crisis
April 25, 2012 · Lesson
Triple Crisis in Iceland
April 25, 2012 · Lesson
Failure to Monitor and Manage Risk
April 24, 2012 · Lesson
Role of Effective Communication in Risk Management
April 24, 2012 · Lesson
Shortcomings of Risk Models
April 24, 2012 · Lesson
Failure to Account for Known and Unknown Risks
April 23, 2012 · Lesson
How can Risk Management Fail?
April 23, 2012 · Lesson
How Known Risks can be Mismeasured?
April 23, 2012 · Lesson
Risk Management Failures
April 23, 2012 · Lesson
A Comparison of Values-at-Risk (VAR) Methods
April 22, 2012
Types of Risks: The Known and The Unknowns
April 22, 2012
Where Corporate Risk Management Matters
April 22, 2012
Career Prospects for Energy Risk Professionals (ERP)
February 24, 2012
ARMA Models and ARCH Testing
February 22, 2012 · Lesson
How to Select the Most Appropriate Time Series Model?
February 22, 2012 · Lesson
Auto-Regressive (AR) Time Series Models
February 21, 2012 · Lesson
Auto-Regressive Models - Random Walks and Unit Roots
February 21, 2012 · Lesson
Time Series Analysis: Simple and Log-linear Trend Models
February 21, 2012 · Lesson
Fcalc – the Global Test for Regression Significance
February 19, 2012 · Lesson
Qualitative and Dummy Variables in Regression Modeling
February 19, 2012 · Lesson
Regression Analysis and Assumption Violations
February 19, 2012 · Lesson
Multiple Regression Analysis
February 18, 2012 · Lesson
Multiple Regression and Coefficient of Determination (R-Squared)
February 18, 2012 · Lesson
Analysis of Variance or ANOVA
February 17, 2012 · Lesson
Coefficient of Determination (R-Squared)
February 16, 2012 · Lesson
Confidence Intervals (CI) for Dependent Variable Prediction
February 16, 2012 · Lesson
Quants: Single Variable Linear Regression Analysis
February 16, 2012 · Lesson
Standard Error of the Estimate or SEE
February 16, 2012 · Lesson
CFA L2: Quantitative Methods - Introduction
February 15, 2012 · Lesson
Quants: Correlation Analysis
February 15, 2012 · Lesson
Risk Management Case Study: Metallgesellschaft AG (MGRM)
January 27, 2012 · Lesson
Risk Management Case Study: Sumitomo Derivatives Losses
January 26, 2012 · Lesson
Case Study: Collapse of Long-Term Capital Management
January 2, 2012 · Lesson
Fed endorses Basel III capital requirements for Wall Street
December 20, 2011
Introduction to Stress Testing
November 14, 2011
What is Risk?
September 2, 2011
What is a Credit Event?
September 1, 2011
Anti-Money Laundering (AML) Training Requirements
August 8, 2011
Summary of Basel III – What You Must Know
August 3, 2011
Factors Affecting Recovery Rates
It is practically impossible to accurately predict the recovery rates. There are various factors that will affect the recovery rates of a defaulted loan.
May 17, 2011 · Lesson
Using Beta Distribution for Estimating Recovery Rates
Most of the people use the beta distribution to model recovery rates. In probability theory and statistics, the beta distribution is a family of continuous probability distributions defined on the interval (0, 1) parameterized by two positive shape parameters, typically denoted by alpha and beta.
May 17, 2011 · Lesson
Expected Loss, Unexpected Loss, and Loss Distribution
While the terms expected loss and unexpected loss are commonly used in risk management, it is important to have a clear understanding of what they actually mean.
May 16, 2011 · Lesson
Exposure, Default and Recovery Rates
In order to understand default risk, we will analyze the its key components: Default arrival, exposure at default, and loss given default.
May 16, 2011 · Lesson
Understanding Recovery Rates
The recovery rates are a crucial element for calculating credit risk. The loss given default of an asset or a portfolio is calculated as 1 minus the recovery rate.
May 16, 2011 · Lesson
What is Default Risk?
Default risk can be defined as the risk that the counterparty to a transaction does not honour its obligation. Default could be both in terms on monetary and non-monetary terms, and it's a part of every transaction.
May 13, 2011 · Lesson
The Reasoning Behind Basel III
December 3, 2010
Top 10 Books on Risk Management
December 3, 2010
Operational Risk Data
December 1, 2010
Risk of Two Cash Positions
October 21, 2010 · Lesson
Time Scaling of Volatility
October 21, 2010 · Lesson
Parametric VaR Estimation
October 20, 2010 · Lesson
Risk of a Single Cash Position
October 20, 2010 · Lesson
Statistical Foundations: Predicting Volatility
October 20, 2010 · Lesson
Statistical Foundations: Understanding Correlations
October 19, 2010 · Lesson
Statistical Foundations: Mean and Standard Deviation
October 18, 2010 · Lesson
Three Methodologies for Calculating VaR
October 18, 2010 · Lesson
Understanding Normal Distribution
October 17, 2010 · Lesson
Event Risk and Its Management
October 15, 2010 · Lesson
Systemic Risk
October 15, 2010 · Lesson
Defaults and Ratings Changes
October 14, 2010 · Lesson
Overview of Operational Risk
October 14, 2010 · Lesson
Overview of Credit Risk
October 4, 2010 · Lesson
Types of Market Risk
October 4, 2010 · Lesson
Typology of Risks
October 3, 2010 · Lesson
Analyzing Market Risks: Three Key Exposures
September 30, 2010 · Lesson
Application of VaR to Non-Market Areas
August 19, 2010 · Lesson
Basel II - Internal Ratings Based (IRB) Approach
August 11, 2010 · Lesson
Basel II - Standardised Approach for Credit Risk
August 11, 2010 · Lesson
BIS - Principles for Sound Stress Testing Practices and Supervision
August 6, 2010
Case Study - National Australia Bank – FX Options
August 6, 2010
Basel II – Capital Charge for Credit Risk
August 5, 2010 · Lesson
Overview of Basel II Accord
August 3, 2010 · Lesson
Why Basel I (1988 Accord) Needed to be Replaced?
August 2, 2010 · Lesson
Basel Accord – 1996 Market Risk Amendment
August 1, 2010 · Lesson
The 1988 Basel Accord (Basel I)
July 31, 2010 · Lesson
Introduction to Basel Capital Accord
July 26, 2010 · Lesson
eBook - Risk Management Essentials
July 24, 2010
Calculating VaR using Monte Carlo Simulation
Computing VaR with Monte Carlo Simulations very similar to Historical Simulations. The main difference lies in the first step of the algorithm – instead of using the historical data for the price (or returns) of the asset and assuming that this return (or price) can re-occur in the next time interval, we generate a random number that will be used to estimate the return (or price) of the asset at the end of the analysis horizon.
July 19, 2010 · Lesson
Monte Carlo Simulation - Example
In the previous post, we learned the algorithm to compute VaR using Monte Carlo Simulation. Let us compute VaR for one share to illustrate the algorithm. We apply the algorithm to compute the monthly VaR for one stock. We will only consider the share price and thus work with the assumption we have only one share in our portfolio. Therefore the value of the portfolio corresponds to the value of one share.
July 19, 2010 · Lesson
Calculating VaR Using Historical Simulation
The fundamental assumption of the Historical Simulations methodology is that you base your results on the past performance of your portfolio and make the assumption that the past is a good indicator of the near-future. The below algorithm illustrates the straightforwardness of this methodology. It is called Full Valuation because we will re-price the asset or the portfolio after every run. This differs from a Local Valuation method in which we only use the information about the initial price and the exposure at the origin to deduce VaR.
July 11, 2010 · Lesson
Analytical Approach to Calculating VaR (Variance-Covariance Method)
July 10, 2010 · Lesson
Value at Risk (VaR)
July 10, 2010 · Lesson
Barings Bank - Case Study and Video
June 30, 2010
Probability of Attaining a Return Goal
June 29, 2010 · Lesson
Probability of One Portfolio Outperforming Another Portfolio
June 25, 2010 · Lesson
Diversification and Portfolio Risk
June 24, 2010 · Lesson
Value at Risk (VaR) of a Portfolio
June 24, 2010 · Lesson
Minimum Variance Hedge Ratio
June 23, 2010 · Lesson
What is Serial Correlation (Autocorrelation)?
June 23, 2010 · Lesson
Constructing an Efficient Frontier
June 10, 2010 · Lesson
Mean, Variance, Standard Deviation and Correlation
June 9, 2010 · Lesson