Synthetic Options and Rationale
The prices of put and call options have an identity relationship through the concept of put-call parity.
c0 + X/(1+rF)T = p0 + S0
- c0 = Current price of the European call
- p0 = Current price of the European put
- X = Strike price of the put and the call
- T = Time to expiration
- rF = Risk free rate
- S0 = Current spot price of the underlying asset
The formula translation is: the price of a call with strike X plus the present value of strike price X equals the price of the put with strike X plus the current spot price.
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Synthetic Call Option: If an investor believes that a call option is over-priced, then he/she can sell the call on the market and replicate a synthetic call.
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Borrow the present value of the strike price at the risk free rate and purchase the underlying stock and a put.
c0 = p0 + S0 - X/(1+rF)T
- Synthetic Put Option: Similar to the synthetic call option. A synthetic put can be created by re-arranging the put-call parity relationship, if the trader believes the put is overvalued.
- Synthetic Stock: A synthetic stock can also be created by rearranging the put-call parity identity. In this case, the investor will buy the call, sell the put, and lend the present value of the strike at the current risk free rate.
S0 = c0 - p0 + X/(1+rF)T
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If the stock rises in value, then the long call will provide the upside; if the stock falls, then the short put will replicate the downside.
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Rationale for a "Synthetic"
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Rational investors would not arbitrarily enter into "synthetic" position; it is done to exploit a perceived mispricing. For example, if the investor believes that put call parity is showing that a stock's call is overvalued, then he/she may execute a synthetic call strategy.
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The key to a synthetic strategy is to buy the undervalued asset, sell the overvalued asset and invest or borrow the difference at the risk free rate.