Lessons
- CFA Level 2: Financial Reporting Part 1 - Introduction
- Financial Reporting: Important Definitions
- FIFO and LIFO Methods for Inventory Expensing
- Inventory Accounting and Financial Statements
- Inflation/Deflation and Inventory Accounting Analysis
- LIFO – Tax and Cash Flow Note
- LIFO Reserve and Converting LIFO Net Income to FIFO Net Income
- LIFO Liquidation
- Inventory at Net Realizable Value
- Impacts of LIFO and FIFO Inventory Methods on Selected Financial Ratios
- Accounting of Long-lived Assets - Expensing vs. Capitalizing
- Depreciation Methods for Property, Plant, and Equipment (PPE)
- Impact of Depreciation Method
- Depreciation - Important Points
- Impairment of Long-lived Assets
- Impact of Asset Impairment
- Revaluation of Property, Plant, & Equipment (PPE)
- Leasing versus Purchasing Assets
- Traditional Lessee Accounting in US GAAP
- Effects of Leases on Selected Financial Reporting Items for Lessees
- Lessor Accounting for Leases
- Lessors and Sales-Type Capital Leases
- Lessors and Direct Financing Capital Leases
- Effect of Leases on Financial Statements for Lessors
- Future of Lease Accounting
- CFA Level 2: Financial Reporting 1 - Recommendations
Effects of Leases on Selected Financial Reporting Items for Lessees
The table below summarizes the effects of operating and capital leases on selected financial reporting items for lessees.
| ITEM | OPERATING LEASE | CAPITAL LEASE |
|---|---|---|
| Balance Sheet | No impact. | Leased asset and lease liability are created. |
| Income Statement | Rent expense occurs over the life of the least; this may be a constant value. | Interest and depreciation expenses are recognized. In the initial years expenses will be higher than an operating lease, but over the full lease term the two lease types have the name total effect. |
| Cash Flows | Total change in cash is the same, but the full rent expense is treated as an operating cash flow. | Total change in cash is the same, but the lease payment is divided between an interest component (an operating cash flow) and a principal repayment (a financing cash flow). The amount assigned to deprecation is a non-cash charge. |
| Profit Margin | Higher in the early years, but lower in the later years, as compared to a capital lease. | Lower in the early years because the total expense associated with the lease is higher than the actual payment, but profit margin will climb in later years of the capital lease. |
| Asset Turnover Ratios | Higher because the operating lease records no balance sheet assets. | Lower because a balance sheet asset is recorded, but the ratio will rise over time as the asset is depreciated. |
| Debt-to-Equity Ratio | Lower because there is no liability recorded on the balance sheet for an operating lease. | Higher because a lease obligation liability is recorded on the balance sheet, but the ratio will decline over time as the lease is repaid. |
| ROA & ROE | Higher in the early years because assets are lower and earnings are higher. | Lower in the early years because earnings are lower and assets are higher. |
| Interest Coverage Ratios | Higher because a firm incurs no interest expense from an operating lease. | Lower because a firm allocates a portion of the lease expense to interest. |
A company may prefer to account for leases as operating leases when:
- Management is partially compensated based on return on assets.
- A firm wants to keep debt-like liabilities off its balance sheet.
A company may prefer to account for leases as capital leases when it wants to show a higher cash flow from operations.
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