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Calculate Variance and Standard Deviation of an Asset

CFA Exam Level 1, Portfolio Management

This lesson is part 12 of 20 in the course Portfolio Risk and Return - part 1

After discussing the calculation of returns on investments, let’s now learn about how to measure the risks associated with these returns.

In general, the risk of an asset or a portfolio is measured in the form of the standard deviation of the returns, where standard deviation is the square root of variance. Let’s look at how standard deviation and variance is calculated.

The variance is calculated as follows. Once you have the price data, the first step is to calculate the returns. What kind of returns we have depends on the periodicity of the data. For example, if we have daily prices, then we calculate the daily returns, which is calculated as (P(t1) – P(t0))/p(t0).

Using the returns data, we calculate the mean/average returns. The variance of the asset returns will then be the average of square of the difference between the returns and the mean.

Where n is the number of periods in the data, Rt represents the returns for each time period and μ represents the mean returns.

The standard deviation will simply be the square root of the variance.

The following is a simple example that illustrates the calculation:

Series Navigation‹ Nominal Returns and Real Returns in InvestmentsStandard Deviation and Variance of a Portfolio ›
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In this Course

  • Major Types of Return Measures
  • How to Calculate the Holding Period Returns
  • Portfolio Risk & Return – Part 1A – Video
  • Portfolio Risk & Return – Part 1B – Video
  • Arithmetic Returns Vs. Geometric Returns
  • How to Calculate Money-weighted Returns
  • How to Calculate Annualized Returns
  • How to Calculate Portfolio Returns
  • Gross and Net Returns Calculations
  • How to Calculate Leveraged Returns
  • Nominal Returns and Real Returns in Investments
  • Calculate Variance and Standard Deviation of an Asset
  • Standard Deviation and Variance of a Portfolio
  • Efficient Frontier for a Portfolio of Two Assets
  • Effect of Correlation on Diversification
  • Risk Aversion of Investors and Portfolio Selection
  • Utility Indifference Curves for Risk-averse Investors
  • Capital Allocation Line with Two Assets
  • Selecting Optimal Portfolio for an Investor
  • How to Calculate Portfolio Risk and Return

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