Acquisitions: When an acquiring company buys a portion of a target company.

Merger: When an acquiring company buys all of a target company; the acquirer remains and the acquired no longer exists as an independent corporate entity.

Integration Forms

M&A transactions can be segmented by the manners in which the acquired is integrated with the acquirer.

• Subsidiary Merger: the target becomes a subsidiary of the acquiring company.  The acquiring company may use this form of integration in order to retain the brand recognition of the acquired entity.

• Statutory Merger: the acquired no longer exists; it becomes part of the acquirer.

• Consolidation: neither the acquired, nor the acquirer remain, rather both combine to form a new company.

Merger Types

• Mergers can also be described by the way the business operations of the acquirer and the target relate to one another.

• Horizontal Mergers: the combination of two companies in the same business line.  For example, one beverage production company may decide to purchase another beverage production company.

• Vertical Mergers: the purchase of a target company which performs an upstream or downstream function in the acquirer’s industry value chain.

• Backward Integration: the acquirer purchases a company closer to the raw material extraction phase of the industry value chain.  For example, a natural gas commercial distributer may decide to purchase a natural gas miner.

• Forward Integration: the acquirer purchases a company closer to the market delivery phase of the industry value chain.  For example, a gold miner may decide to purchase a chain of retail jewelry stores.

• Conglomerate Merger: this is the case where an acquirer purchases a company in an unrelated line of business.  For example, an airplane manufacturer may decide to purchase a chain of hospitals.

Reasons for M&A

Ideally, mergers are executed with the expectation that the target will increase the equity value of the acquirer.  Below some common merger motivations are described.

• Cost Synergies: Mergers have the potential to lower costs for the combined companies, either through the elimination of redundant functions or by eliminating profits from “middle-man” points in the value chain.
• Revenue Synergies: Mergers may provide the combined companies an opportunity to cross sell complementary products.
• Growth: An acquisition might provide a company with more rapid growth potential than organic growth provided by reinvesting earnings.
• Pricing Power: A horizontal merger can reduce competition and allow the acquirer to raise its prices.  A vertical merger can allow the acquirer to better control prices downstream or upstream in the value chain. When a merger has the potential to provide an acquirer with too much market power, government regulations may prevent the merger from taking place.
• Increased Capability: An acquiring company may pursue a target for its in-house technical expertise.
• Unlocking Value: An acquirer may view a target as underperforming financially and feel confident that it can facilitate the realization of the target’s full potential after taking control.
• Diversification: Companies themselves are investors who seek to reduce risk and increase returns through the successful deployment of capital.
• International M&A Concerns: Companies may engage in M&A beyond their domestic borders for multiple financial or strategic reasons.